{"id":3314,"date":"2015-07-08T11:26:48","date_gmt":"2015-07-08T09:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.slovozivota.sk\/2015\/07\/martin-luther-1483-1546-2-cast\/"},"modified":"2015-07-08T11:26:48","modified_gmt":"2015-07-08T09:26:48","slug":"martin-luther-1483-1546-2-cast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slovozivota.sk\/ru-ru\/2015\/07\/martin-luther-1483-1546-2-cast\/","title":{"rendered":"Martin Luther (1483 – 1546), 2. \u010das\u0165"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Reform\u00e1cia<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0minulom \u010d\u00edsle sme sa za\u010dali venova\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej osobnosti reform\u00e1cie \u2013 Martinovi Lutherovi, ktor\u00fd ako mn\u00edch spoznal ospravedlnenie z\u00a0viery a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobilo to revol\u00faciu nielen v\u00a0jeho \u017eivote, ale v\u00a0celej nemeckej spolo\u010dnosti i\u00a0v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Svoj\u00edm posolstvom si z\u00edskal masy, ale aj nepriate\u013estvo cirkevn\u00e9ho zriadenia.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roku 1521 Luthera pozvali na Wormsk\u00fd snem<\/em><\/strong>, kam ho sprev\u00e1dzal nad\u0161en\u00fd sprievod podporovate\u013eov. Hoci sa na sneme mohol vyjadri\u0165 k\u00a0svojim n\u00e1zorom, nakoniec mu op\u00e4\u0165 predlo\u017eili jedin\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 \u2013 odvola\u0165. Jeho odpove\u010f znela:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201eAk nebudem usved\u010den\u00fd z\u00a0P\u00edsma a\u00a0zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu\u2026 nem\u00f4\u017eem a\u00a0neodvol\u00e1m ni\u010d, lebo \u00eds\u0165 proti svedomiu nie je spr\u00e1vne ani bezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Tu stoj\u00edm. Inak nem\u00f4\u017eem. Boh mi pom\u00e1haj.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkom snemu bol edikt proti Lutherovi. Na spiato\u010dnej ceste dal Fridrich M\u00fadry Luthera kv\u00f4li bezpe\u010dnosti tajne unies\u0165 na svoj hrad Wartburg. Po Nemecku sa roznieslo, \u017ee ho zabili. Asi rok \u017eil v\u00a0utajen\u00ed vo Wartburgu, kde pracoval na preklade Biblie<\/em><\/strong> do nem\u010diny.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Wormsk\u00fd edikt proti Lutherovi hrozil jeho sympatizantom vyhladen\u00edm, no napriek tomu ho v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina Nemcov ignorovala. Lutherove spisy boli medzi jednoduch\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi, ale aj mn\u00edchmi a\u00a0k\u0148azmi popul\u00e1rnej\u0161ie ne\u017e kedyko\u013evek predt\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Po\u010das Lutherovej nepr\u00edtomnosti sa do vedenia nov\u00e9ho hnutia postavili jeho dvaja kolegovia z\u00a0Wittenberskej univerzity \u2013 Filip Melanchton<\/em><\/strong> a\u00a0Andreas Karlstadt<\/em><\/strong>. Karlstadt za\u010dal by\u0165 netrpezliv\u00fd a\u00a0za\u010dal presadzova\u0165 r\u00fdchle zmeny \u2013 zru\u0161enie spovede, k\u0148azsk\u00fdch \u0161iat, celib\u00e1tu, obrazov. Za\u010dali sa nepokoje a\u00a0vzbury, \u013eudia ni\u010dili kostoly a\u00a0ubli\u017eovali k\u0148azom. Ke\u010f sa to dostalo k\u00a0Lutherovi, napriek nebezpe\u010denstvu c\u00edtil nutnos\u0165 vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa do Wittenbergu, kde sa mu vytrval\u00fdm k\u00e1zan\u00edm podarilo asi za osem dn\u00ed situ\u00e1ciu upokoji\u0165.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Luther napriek mnoh\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m \u017eil a\u00a0pracoval \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 25 rokov, aj preto, \u017ee cis\u00e1r Karol V. st\u00e1le proti niekomu bojoval a\u00a0bol t\u00fdm zanepr\u00e1zdnen\u00fd. Samozrejme, Lutherov \u017eivot nebol pokojn\u00fd \u2013 bol s\u00fastavne centrom kontroverzi\u00ed a\u00a0ob\u010das aj d\u00f4vodom pre vojnu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lutherovo u\u010denie o\u00a0v\u0161eobecnom k\u0148azstve a\u00a0slobode jednotlivca dalo n\u00e1dej aj utl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdm sedliakom, ktor\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtali s\u00a0jeho podporou. Napriek tomu, \u017ee Luther ich nespokojnosti so st\u00e1le sa zmen\u0161uj\u00facou slobodou rozumel, sedliacka vojna<\/em><\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 za\u010dala bez pr\u00edpravy v\u00a0j\u00fani 1524, bola aj pre\u0148ho prekvapen\u00edm. Sedliaci sformulovali svoje po\u017eiadavky, ktor\u00e9 sa ale nikto neob\u0165a\u017eoval rie\u0161i\u0165. Luther najprv nap\u00edsal zmierliv\u00e9 Napomenutie k mieru<\/em>, ke\u010f\u017ee videl pravdu na oboch stran\u00e1ch, no ke\u010f sa dopo\u010dul, ak\u00fdch n\u00e1silnost\u00ed sa sedliaci pri povstan\u00ed dop\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa, nap\u00edsal spis, v\u00a0ktorom odobril ich krvav\u00e9 potla\u010denie. N\u00e1sledky boli stra\u0161n\u00e9 \u2013 pri potla\u010den\u00ed vzbury zomrelo 100 a\u017e 150\u00a0000 sedliakov.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Luthera aj reform\u00e1ciu v\u00a0Nemecku sedliacka vojna ve\u013emi pozna\u010dila \u2013 \u0161\u00edrenie reform\u00e1cie sa pozastavilo, vedenie reform\u00e1cie sa dostalo do r\u00fak nemeck\u00fdch knie\u017eat a\u00a0Luther stratil d\u00f4veru u\u00a0jednoduch\u00fdch \u013eu\u010f\u00ed. Nebola to ale posledn\u00e1 rana na jeho ceste \u2013 zhruba v\u00a0tom istom \u010dase sa od neho odvr\u00e1til jeho dovtedy ve\u013ek\u00fd sympatizant Erazmus Rotterdamsk\u00fd, o\u00a0nieko\u013eko rokov nesk\u00f4r sa nepodarilo spoji\u0165 sily so \u0161vaj\u010diarskym pr\u00fadom reform\u00e1cie, s\u00a0ktor\u00fdm sa nemeck\u00e1 reform\u00e1cia nezhodla na u\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0P\u00e1novej ve\u010deri.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Samostatnou kapitolou je Lutherov vz\u0165ah k\u00a0\u017didom. Sprvoti bol presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee evanjelium odmietali najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li podobe, ak\u00fa v\u00a0katol\u00edckej cirkvi st\u00e1ro\u010diami nadobudlo, a\u00a0\u017ee o\u010disten\u00e9 od falo\u0161n\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed ho s\u00a0rados\u0165ou prijm\u00fa. To sa v\u0161ak nestalo a\u00a0Lutherov pozit\u00edvny vz\u0165ah k\u00a0nim sa postupne zmenil a\u017e na antisemitizmus<\/em><\/strong>. Zost\u00e1va ot\u00e1zkou, do akej miery t\u00e1to ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 zmena ovplyvnila reform\u00e1ciu ako tak\u00fa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edjemnou str\u00e1nkou jeho \u017eivota bolo man\u017eelstvo<\/em><\/strong> s\u00a0b\u00fdvalou mn\u00ed\u0161kou Katar\u00ednou z\u00a0Bory<\/em><\/strong>, s\u00a0ktorou mali \u0161es\u0165 det\u00ed. Do man\u017eelstva vst\u00fapil ne\u010dakane a\u00a0bolo pochopen\u00e9 ako ak\u00e9si potvrdenie jeho dovtedaj\u0161\u00edch \u00fatokov na n\u00faten\u00fd celib\u00e1t k\u0148azov. Hoci boli obaja rozdielnej a\u00a0nie pr\u00edli\u0161 pokojnej povahy, nau\u010dili sa spolu \u017ei\u0165 v\u00a0l\u00e1ske a\u00a0harm\u00f3nii a\u00a0stali sa pr\u00edkladom pre mnoho veriacich rod\u00edn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Martin Luther zomrel vo veku 63 rokov, unaven\u00fd celo\u017eivotnou pr\u00e1cou. Jeho dedi\u010dstvo je obrovsk\u00e9 \u2013 znovuobjaven\u00e9 posolstvo o\u00a0ospravedlnen\u00ed z\u00a0viery, nie zo skutkov, sa postupne roz\u0161\u00edrilo do cel\u00e9ho sveta. Jeho preklad Biblie do nem\u010diny bol prelomov\u00fdm po\u010dinom, ktor\u00fd pribl\u00ed\u017eil Bibliu jednoduch\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom, a prispel aj k\u00a0\u010fal\u0161iemu v\u00fdvoju nem\u010diny ako jazyka.<\/p>\n


<\/em><\/p>\n

Zdroje:
Pavel Hanes: Dejiny kres\u0165anstva. Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica: Trian, 2007
Wikip\u00e9dia \u2013 Slobodn\u00e1 encyklop\u00e9dia<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reform\u00e1cia V\u00a0minulom \u010d\u00edsle sme sa za\u010dali venova\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej osobnosti reform\u00e1cie \u2013 Martinovi Lutherovi, ktor\u00fd ako mn\u00edch spoznal ospravedlnenie z\u00a0viery a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobilo to revol\u00faciu nielen v\u00a0jeho \u017eivote, ale v\u00a0celej nemeckej spolo\u010dnosti i\u00a0v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","filesize_raw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zivotopisy-cirkevne-dejiny"],"episode_featured_image":"https:\/\/www.slovozivota.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/luther.jpg","episode_player_image":"https:\/\/www.slovozivota.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PodcastSZ-1.jpg","download_link":"","player_link":"","audio_player":false,"episode_data":{"playerMode":"dark","subscribeUrls":[],"rssFeedUrl":"https:\/\/www.slovozivota.sk\/ru-ru\/feed\/podcast\/slovo-zivota","embedCode":"

Martin Luther (1483 – 1546), 2. \u010das\u0165<\/a><\/blockquote>